Additive manufacturing-coupled digital twin ecosystem based on a surrogate model of measurement

ABSTRACT

There are provided methods and systems for making or repairing a specified part. For example, there is provided a method for creating an optimized manufacturing process to make or repair the specified part. The method includes receiving data from a plurality of sources, the data including as-designed, as-manufactured, as-simulated, and as-tested data relative to one or more parts similar to the specified part. The method includes updating, in real time, a surrogate model corresponding with a physics-based model of the specified part, wherein the surrogate model forms a digital twin of the specified part. The method includes further updating the surrogate model with a model of manufactured variance associated with at least one of inspection and in-operation data of a similar part. The method includes executing, based on the digital twin, the optimized manufacturing process to either repair or make the specified part.

I. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/862,012 and 62/862,016 filed on Jun. 14, 2019. The disclosures of both prior applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

II. BACKGROUND

In industrial applications the production of a component often includes considering the manufacturing process at the design stage. In such cases, the design and the manufacturing processes are closely related, meaning that design decisions may be influenced by manufacturing constraints or that manufacturing choices may result directly from aspects of the design. Moreover, operational characteristics may be influenced by the manufacturing process' capabilities. For instance, in typical industrial manufacturing processes, parts are produced according to predetermined tolerances because the as-manufactured parts that are deployed in the field may differ from their design specifications (i.e., from the as-designed parts) due to variations inherent to the manufacturing processes.

With the advent of additive manufacturing technology, another layer of complexity is introduced in the above-noted manufacturing/design/operation ecosystem because of the inherent aspects of additive processes. For example, the additive process may use layers of materials by addition to form the component and pre/post treatment steps such as heating and curing of the layers. Optimizing and validating the additive process requires quantifying and validating the variances in the manufactured components by destructive testing that produces significant quantities of scrap material dependent of the number of tolerances tested.

Destructive testing alone may validate that a manufactured component meets a specific design tolerance but not consider how the influences of multiple within tolerance variances aggregately affect performance of the component in operation or replicate the range of operating regime that components are exposed to in operation and therefore quantify the fitness of components manufactured by a process for operation. A further risk is that manufactured components with a useful and serviceable life are scrapped as the influence of variances occurring during the manufacturing cycle and the fitness of a component for operation is not quantifiable.

III. SUMMARY

The embodiments featured herein help solve or mitigate the above-noted issues as well as other issues known in the art. The embodiments featured herein integrate operational characteristics, as they are measured and analyzed during a component's life cycle, with design and manufacturing, including specific aspects of additive manufacturing processes, to create models capable of mitigating performance and manufacturing variances.

For example, the embodiments provide the ability to link as-built, as-manufactured/assembled, as-designed and as-simulated, as-tested, as-operated and as-serviced components directly through a unique digital integrated process. This digital integrated process includes specific aspects of additive manufacturing processes used at any point during a component's life cycle. In the embodiments featured herein, any hardware component has the capability to reference to its design goal and derive multiple analysis outcomes based on its hardware specifications and operational data. The novel process also provides abstraction of data types from multiple analyses to form an integrated digital twin of hardware components. Furthermore, the novel process provides a framework to increase fidelity and accuracy of a system level digital twin by aggregating sub-system component level digital twin predictions.

The embodiments featured herein provide a technological infrastructure that yield automated, quantitative, and qualitative assessments of the variability in additive manufacturing processes during the useful life of a part. Thus, in their implementation, the embodiments purposefully and effectively allow the optimization of a manufacture or repair process to make or repair components to a useful lifetime specified by the application's constraints while optimizing the quantity of material needed and destructive testing required for producing or repairing the part using one or more additive manufacturing processes. For example, and not by limitation, in the case of a component requiring a coating, an embodiment as set forth herein can provide a quantitative assessment of the amount of coating material needed to be added onto the component in order to match the performance of the component during repair or manufacturing; the amount of material identified can be optimized against cost constraints.

Additional features, modes of operations, advantages, and other aspects of various embodiments are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. These embodiments are presented for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments, or modifications of the embodiments disclosed, will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings provided.

IV. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Illustrative embodiments may take form in various components and arrangements of components. Illustrative embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, throughout which like reference numerals may indicate corresponding or similar parts in the various drawings. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure. Given the following enabling description of the drawings, the novel aspects of the present disclosure should become evident to a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art(s).

FIG. 1 illustrates a process according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates a digital twin ecosystem according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary process according to an aspect of an embodiment.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary process according to an aspect of an embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary process according to an aspect of an embodiment.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary process according to an aspect of an embodiment.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary process according to an aspect of an embodiment.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary process according to an aspect of an embodiment.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary system configured to execute one or more aspects of the exemplary processes presented herein.

V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the illustrative embodiments are described herein for particular applications, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art and with access to the teachings provided herein will recognize additional applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope thereof and additional fields in which the present disclosure would be of significant utility.

The embodiments featured herein have several advantages. For example, they can allow one to make accurate assessments on the quality of new make parts relative to their design intent. They provide the ability to mix and match different manufactured components in an engine assembly to achieve a desired integrated engine performance. Furthermore, they improve time-on-wing assessments of every part and sub-assembly based on manufacturing variations, operational conditions, and as-serviced conditions. The embodiments help leverage the sub-system assembly performance using high fidelity design knowledge, and they improve prediction accuracy as required. Furthermore, they enable feedback loops that help improve subsequent designs.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary process 100 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The process 100 may be an example process associated with the lifecycle of a part and/or a general manufacturing cycle. While the process 100 is described in the context of air plane or jet engine parts, it may extend to the manufacture or in general to the lifecycle of any manufactured component. The process 100 includes a module 102 that is a product environment spectrum. In other words, the module 102 can be a database that stores information about instances of the same product as they are used in the field.

For example, the module 102 may include information about the reliability or failure of a plurality of turbine blades as they are commissioned in a fleet of engines (i.e., in two or more engines). The module 102 may be configured to organize, or present upon request from a device communicatively coupled thereto, a product environment spectrum which sorts all of the products of interest in a predetermined order.

For example, the products may be sorted based on their robustness. In one use case, the products may be sorted from more robust (102 a) to least robust (102 n). Generally, one or more performance criteria may be used to sort these products according to the aforementioned spectrum. In the case of a turbine blade, the products may be sorted according to their thermal robustness performance, which may be measured using one or more field inspection methods.

The product environment spectrum may be driven by constraints from customers, which may be collected and functionalized (i.e., put in the form of computer instructions) in the module 104. In other words, the robustness criteria may be dictated by application-specific parameters derived from customers. Similarly, the product environment spectrum may be driven by commercial constraints, which may be functionalized in the module 106. These constraints (for both the modules 104 and 106) may be updated as the manufacturing process is updated in view of the various sources of information, as shall be further described below.

The customer constraints of the module 104 may also drive the manufacturing functions of the module 108, which in turn drive the engineering decisions, as functionalized in the module 112. Once the engineering decisions are functionalized, they may be used to establish a digital thread that is configured for design. The digital design thread may also be updated from the constraints of the customers (module 104). This thread thus forms a digital twin which can be formed from multiple data sources representing multiple use case. In other words, the digital twin integrates multiple use cases to ensure that manufactured parts are produced according to specific performance data rather than merely producing parts according to predetermined dimensional constraints, as is done in typical manufacturing processes.

Therefore, the digital twin allows for engineering re-design based on fielded part performance. As such, the digital twin allows the optimization of a given manufacturing process in order to differentiate quality of as-manufactured parts to drive targeted performance and business outcomes.

Generally, the digital design twin may be constructed from a plurality of sources that include new make manufacturing data from the engineering model, a network and an already existing manufacturing model of the part (module 108). Data streams from the network, may include, for example and not by limitation, borescope inspection data from field inspections (either partial or full, or in some implementations, functional or dimensional inspections), on-wing probes that measure data from an engine during flight. Furthermore, generally, the digital twin of a component may include at least one of as-manufactured data, as-tested data, as-designed and as-simulated, as-operated data, and as-serviced data of the component. Furthermore, the digital twin of the component may be based on operational data or nominal operating conditions of the component.

The process 100 allows data to be collected continuously. Specifically, the digital design thread is continuously updated to provide a model reflecting actual conditions. This is done with the explicit feedback loops of the process 100, which ensure that new designs can be manufactured based the wide variety of sources of information mentioned above. As such, the process 100 provides the ability to better predict the durability of a part, as any manufactured part would have been manufactured based on conditions reflecting design, usage, servicing, etc.

In sum, the process 100 integrates and automates the various aspect of the lifecycle of the part to provide an optimized manufacturing process at an enterprise level. The process 100 further includes a score inspection module, which may be updated with field inspection analytics, in order to further augment the engineering model. The process 100 can be further understood in the context of FIG. 2 , which depicts the digital twin ecosystem 200 featuring exemplary relationships between the as-designed, as manufactured, as-tested, as-serviced, and as-operated aspects of a specified part during its life cycle. The digital twin ecosystem 200 includes aspects which accounts for additive manufacturing process variance, as shall be described in further detail below.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary process including an as-designed, as-manufactured, as-tested, as-operated, as-inspected, and as-serviced additive manufacturing-coupled digital twin ecosystem. FIG. 3 depicts an operating spectrum and an environmental spectrum. These spectra form the ‘operational regime’, which denotes a gradation in operation (e.g. from light to hard of the specified part) as well as an environment in which the specified part operates (e.g., from benign to harsh). An operational regime is a factor of the environment and the operation. The performance of a component is thus quantifiable and comparable with similar components within similar operating regimes. The performance of a part is an indicator of remaining useful life within a range of operating regimes.

The process performance is a spectrum from ‘As process designed’ performance and tolerance to out of tolerance. Thus, outside of the ‘as process designed’ performance may imply more or less processing or material applied to a component, e.g. flow rate and nozzle indicating minimum thickness of coating applied to component. In the embodiment, of FIG. 3 , a model of manufactured variance to inspected measurements and performance of parts in operation may be used to in the context of the process 100 to create a production model of component performance.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary process including an as-designed, as-manufactured, as-tested, as-operated and as-serviced additive manufacturing-coupled digital twin ecosystem. In FIG. 4 , when a shift is observed in a manufacturing process by an exemplary system (see FIG. 9 ) in ‘Process X’, e.g. a change in flow rate from a nozzle that may imply that less thermal barrier has been applied, the exemplary system may be configured to determine that a similar shift was observed during manufacture of parts with serial number 1 . . . 3 in ‘Process X’. Furthermore, the exemplary system may be configured to predict, based on the operational and environmental regimes experienced X1,2,3 and the performance, X, of those components through their operating life, ‘Cycles’, e.g. thermal performance, the range of useful life based on expected in production performance and performance degradation, X, of manufactured component through its operating life, ‘Cycles’.

The exemplary system may then be configured to suggest a suitable operating regime, X1,2,3, for that component to achieve best in-production performance. The in-service performance and operational regime, X, may be determined by operational experience of components in production and/or be simulation e.g. using computational fluid dynamics. This reduces scrappage and warranty claims as the exemplary system does not base scrappage on meeting an ‘as designed’ or ‘as process designed’ specification and warranty or price the component as per it's expected useful life or for a particular operating regime.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary process including an as-designed, as-manufactured, as-tested, as-operated and as-serviced additive manufacturing-coupled digital twin ecosystem. In FIG. 5 , the exemplary system may be configured to determine a shift in the manufacturing process, ‘process X’. This shift may be, for example and not by limitation, a flow rate from a nozzle that may imply that less thermal barrier has been applied, which would result in a range of in production performance. For instance, such range may be a variation in thermal performance and performance degradation, X, depending on operating regime, X1,2,3. Given this information, the exemplary system can manufacture a component with a shift in ‘Process X’, to achieve the performance of Y that degrades according to the progression of X when operated within the operating regime X2Y.

For example, this component may be manufactured for operation where the operating regime X2Y denotes light operation in a benign environment. The in-service performance and operational regime, X, may be determined by operational experience of components in production and/or simulation e.g. using computational fluid dynamics. The benefit of manufacturing to Y being a reduction of the process or material used to achieve the desired performance Y.

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate an exemplary process including an as-designed, as-manufactured, as-tested, as-operated and as-serviced additive manufacturing-coupled digital twin ecosystem. In FIG. 7 , the exemplary system may be configured to determine a shift in the manufacturing process, ‘process X’. This shift may be, for example and not by limitation, a flow rate from a nozzle that may imply that less thermal barrier has been applied, which would result in a range of in production performance. For instance, such range may be a variation in thermal performance and performance degradation, X, depending on operating regime, X1,2,3.

Given this information, the exemplary system can infer an in-production performance, e.g. thermal performance, in the range of X. A shift in ‘Process Y’, such as a post treatment step like a heat treatment of the thermal barrier, may also result independently in a performance, Y, within acceptable range. However, the combined influence of X+Y may be greater than the influence of X and Y independently where the resulting performance of X+Y=Z in the range of X1Y1, X2Y2, X3Y3. Thus, creating a model of a manufactured part that quantifies quality as a factor of predicted in production performance, e.g. thermal performance, has the advantage of allowing the prediction of the impact of multiple process influencers, X & Y, on end component performance. Further, the in-service performance and operational regime, X & Y, may be determined by operational experience of components in production and/or simulation e.g. using computational fluid dynamics.

As such, the exemplary system has an advantage over destructive testing methods where destructive tests do not independently correlate the aggregate influence of multiple process influencers and cannot reasonably replicate the range of operating regime as can be observed in service and/or simulated. Providing an alternative or parallel qualification process to destructive testing has the benefits of improving safety, reducing warranty claim and reducing scrappage.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary process including an as-designed, as-manufactured, as-tested, as-operated and as-serviced additive manufacturing-coupled digital twin ecosystem. In FIG. 8 , if we know or can predict through operational experience and/or simulation of the manufactured components the in service performance, X, over a range of operating regimes, X1,X2,X3, of components manufactured to a specification, e.g. D=‘As Designed’, and how they degrade based on measurement over their operational life, ‘Cycles’, we can quantify the process and/or material required, ‘Process X’, to restore a component to the measurement at specification, D, by quantifying the regression from the expected measurement of X at a service life, ‘Cycles’, and operating regime, X1,X2,X3 to the specification, D.

To restore component Y to D, ‘As designed’, where Y has an operational performance of X1 and has been operated under an operational regime of X1Y and 1000 cycles we need to calculate the regression of X1 at 1000 cycles, materials and/or process required ‘Process X’, to restore to D. This can be used to qualify a repair for an individual component, Y, or a repair process for components performing in the range of X with the benefit of being used as a specification of a repair or a qualification of a repair process where the process may also be validated by physical testing; where reducing destructive testing requirement reduces scrappage. We also have the benefit of being able to predict the cost and material demand of a repair process while components are in service throughout their operational life by the progression of X to optimize repair cost vs in service performance vs optimum service interval.

FIG. 9 depicts a system 1000 that executes the various operations described above in the context of the exemplary digital twin ecosystem described in the processes described in regards to FIGS. 1-8 . The system 1000 includes an application-specific processor 1014 configured to perform tasks specific to optimizing a manufacturing process according to the 100. The processor 1014 has a specific structure imparted by instructions stored in a memory 1002 and/or by instructions 1018 that can be fetched by the processor 1014 from a storage 1020. The storage 1020 may be co-located with the processor 1014, or it may be located elsewhere and be communicatively coupled to the processor 1014 via a communication interface 1016, for example.

The system 1000 can be a stand-alone programmable system, or it can be a programmable module located in a much larger system. For example, the system 1000 be part of a distributed system configured to handle the various modules of the process 100 described above. The processor 1014 may include one or more hardware and/or software components configured to fetch, decode, execute, store, analyze, distribute, evaluate, and/or categorize information.

The processor 1014 can include an input/output module (I/O module 1012) that can be configured to ingest data pertaining to single assets or fleets of assets. The processor 1014 may include one or more processing devices or cores (not shown). In some embodiments, the processor 1014 may be a plurality of processors, each having either one or more cores. The processor 1014 can be configured to execute instructions fetched from the memory 1002, i.e. from one of memory block 1004, memory block 1006, memory block 1008, and memory block 1010.

Furthermore, without loss of generality, the storage 1020 and/or the memory 1002 may include a volatile or non-volatile, magnetic, semiconductor, tape, optical, removable, non-removable, read-only, random-access, or any type of non-transitory computer-readable computer medium. The storage 1020 may be configured to log data processed, recorded, or collected during the operation of the processor 1014. The data may be time-stamped, location-stamped, cataloged, indexed, or organized in a variety of ways consistent with data storage practice. The storage 1020 and/or the memory 1002 may include programs and/or other information that may be used by the processor 1014 to perform tasks consistent with those described herein.

For example, the processor 1014 may be configured by instructions from the memory block 1006, the memory block 1008, and the memory block 1010, to perform real-time updates of a model for a part based on a variety of input sources (e.g. a network and/or a field data module 108). The processor 1014 may execute the aforementioned instructions from memory blocks, 1006, 1008, and 1010, and output a twin digital model that is based on data from the wide variety of sources described above. Stated generally, from the continuous updates, the processor 1014 may continuously alter the strategy deployment module 110 that includes the model for the part based on the prognostic deployment or degradation models described in the context of FIG. 2-9 .

The embodiments provide the capability to improve time on wing assessments of every part and its sub-assembly based on manufacturing variations, operational conditions and as-serviced data. Furthermore, the embodiments help leverage the sub-system assembly performance using high fidelity design knowledge and improve prediction accuracy as required, and they enable feedback loop that help improve subsequent designs.

Those skilled in the relevant art(s) will appreciate that various adaptations and modifications of the embodiments described above can be configured without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the disclosure may be practiced other than as specifically described herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for making or repairing a specified part, the method including: creating an optimized manufacturing process to make or repair the specified part, the creating including: receiving data from a plurality of sources, the data including as-designed, as-manufactured, as-simulated, and as-tested data relative to one or more parts similar to the specified part; generating, in real time, a surrogate model corresponding with a physics-based model of the specified part based on the data received, wherein the surrogate model forms a digital twin of the specified part, wherein the surrogate model includes a model of manufactured variance correlated with in-operation performance of at least one similar part, the manufactured variance resulting from at least one of an additive manufacturing process step and a reductive manufacturing process step, the in-operation performance of the at least one similar part being based on at least one of in-field measurement and in-operation data of the at least one similar part, and an operational regime of the at least one similar part, wherein the operational regime comprises a gradation in operation and an environment in which the at least one similar part operates; and executing, based on the digital twin, the optimized manufacturing process to either repair or make the specified part.
 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the surrogate model further includes measurements recorded during inspection of similar parts that can be correlated with similar part operation and performance of the similar parts in operation.
 3. The method as set forth in claim 2, wherein the surrogate model is further configured to correlate with measurement variance monitored during the optimized manufacturing process to create a model of measurement variance observed during the optimized manufacturing process; and wherein the optimized manufacturing process includes multiple additive manufacturing steps, multiple reductive manufacturing steps, or multiple repair steps and post treatment steps.
 4. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein the surrogate model is further configured to correlate with expected performance of the similar parts in operation.
 5. The method as set forth in claim 4, further including calculating a useful life of the specified part based on a correlation with the expected performance of the similar parts in operation.
 6. The method as set forth in claim 1, further including using the surrogate model to compare measurements recorded during inspection of the at least one similar part to optimize an additive repair process or a reductive repair process required to return the specified part to desired performance.
 7. The method as set forth in claim 6, further including correlating the desired performance of the specified part to an expected remaining useful life.
 8. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein optimizing the additive repair process or reductive repair process reduces material utilization, additive manufacturing processing, or reductive manufacturing processing by achieving a desired specified part performance relative to an as-designed performance.
 9. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the surrogate model is further based on correlations between observations or measurements recorded during inspection of the at least one similar part and similar part operational data and characteristics of the performance of the at least one similar part in operation to group similar parts according to observations or measurements, operational data and performance of similar parts in operation.
 10. The method as set forth in claim 9, further including using a model of observations or measurements of the performance of the similar parts in operation to create a prognostic model of predicted performance of the similar parts in operation based on observation or measurement of the similar parts recorded during inspection of the similar parts at a point of additive manufacturing, reductive manufacturing, or repair.
 11. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein the prognostic model of predicted performance of the similar parts in operation is based on observation or measurement of the similar parts recorded during inspection of the similar parts at the point of additive manufacturing, reductive manufacturing, or repair.
 12. The method as set forth in claim 11, further including using the prognostic model to calculate a remaining useful life of the at least one similar part or set of the similar parts based on observation or measurement of the similar parts at the point of additive manufacturing, reductive manufacturing, or repair.
 13. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the in-operation performance of the at least one similar part is associated with a number of cycles experienced by the at least one similar part.
 14. A system configured to either manufacture or repair a specified part, the system comprising: a processor; a memory including instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations including: creating an optimized manufacturing process to make or repair the specified part, the creating including: receiving data from a plurality of sources, the data including as-designed, as-manufactured, as-simulated, and as-tested data relative to one or more parts similar to the specified part; generating, in real time, a surrogate model corresponding with a physics-based model of the specified part based on the received data, wherein the surrogate model forms a digital twin of the specified part, wherein the surrogate model includes a model of manufactured variance correlated with in-operation performance of at least one similar part, the manufactured variance resulting from at least one of an additive manufacturing process step and a reductive manufacturing process step, the in-operation performance of the at least one similar part being based on at least one of in-field measurement and in-operation data of the at least one similar part, and an operational regime of the at least one similar part, wherein the operational regime comprises a gradation in operation and an environment in which the at least one similar part operates; and executing, based on the digital twin, the optimized manufacturing process to either repair or make the specified part.
 15. The system as set forth in claim 14, wherein the surrogate model further includes measurements recorded during inspection of the similar parts that can be correlated with similar part operation and performance of similar parts in operation.
 16. The system as set forth in claim 15, wherein the surrogate model is further configured to correlate with measurement variance monitored during the optimized manufacturing process to create a model of measurement variance observed during additive manufacturing, reductive manufacturing, or repair.
 17. The system as set forth in claim 16, wherein the surrogate model is further configured to correlate with expected performance of the similar parts in operation.
 18. The system as set forth in claim 17, wherein the operations further include calculating a useful life of the specified part based on a correlation with the expected performance of the similar parts in operation.
 19. The system as set forth in claim 14, wherein the operations further include using the surrogate model to compare measurements recorded during inspection of the at least one similar part to optimize an additive repair process or a reductive repair process required to return the specified part to desired performance.
 20. The system as set forth in claim 19, wherein the operations further include correlating the desired performance of the specified part to an expected remaining useful life.
 21. The system as set forth in claim 20, wherein the operations further include optimizing the additive repair process or a reductive repair process reduces material utilization, additive manufacturing processing, or reductive manufacturing processing by achieving a desired specified part performance relative to an as-designed performance.
 22. The system as set forth in claim 14, wherein the surrogate model is further based on correlations between observations or measurements recorded during inspection of the at least one similar part and similar part operational data and characteristics of the performance of the at least one similar part in operation to group the similar parts according to observations or measurements, operational data and performance of similar parts in operation.
 23. The system as set forth in claim 22, wherein the operations further include using a model of observations or measurements of the performance of the similar parts in operation to create a prognostic model of predicted performance of the similar parts in operation based on observation or measurement of the similar parts recorded during inspection of the similar parts at a point of additive manufacturing, reductive manufacturing, or repair.
 24. The system as set forth in claim 23, wherein the prognostic model of predicted performance of the similar parts in operation is based on observation or measurement of the similar parts recorded during inspection of the similar parts at the point of additive manufacturing, reductive manufacturing, or repair.
 25. The system as set forth in claim 24, wherein the operations further include using the prognostic model to calculate a remaining useful life of the at least one similar part or set of the similar parts based on observation or measurement of the similar parts at the point of additive manufacturing, reductive manufacturing, or repair. 